mind manifesting) as a term for LSD and related hallucinogens, superseding the previously held " psychotomimetic" model in which LSD was believed to mimic schizophrenia. Osmond coined the term "psychedelic" (lit. LSD-assisted psychotherapy was used in the 1950s and early 1960s by psychiatrists such as Humphry Osmond, who pioneered the application of LSD to the treatment of alcoholism, with promising results. LSD was subject to exceptional interest within the field of psychiatry in the 1950s and early 1960s, with Sandoz distributing LSD to researchers under the trademark name Delysid in an attempt to find a marketable use for it. Hofmann discovered its effects in humans in 1943, after unintentionally ingesting an unknown amount, possibly absorbing it through his skin. LSD was the 25th of various lysergamides Hofmann synthesized from lysergic acid while trying to develop a new analeptic, hence the alternate name LSD-25. LSD was first synthesized by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in 1938 from lysergic acid, a chemical derived from the hydrolysis of ergotamine, an alkaloid found in ergot, a fungus that infects grain. It breaks down with exposure to ultraviolet light. In pure form, LSD is clear or white in color, has no smell, and is crystalline. In addition to serotonin, LSD also binds to dopamine D 1 and D 2 receptors, which is why LSD tends to be more stimulating than compounds such as psilocybin. The effects of LSD are thought to stem primarily from it being an agonist at the 5-HT 2A (serotonin) receptor, and while exactly how LSD exerts its effects by agonism at this receptor is still not fully known, corresponding increased glutamatergic neurotransmission and reduced default mode network activity are thought to be key mechanisms of action. While there are no known cases of death from LSD overdose, LSD can cause injury and death as a result of accidents stemming from psychological impairment. In cases where this causes distress or impairment it is diagnosed as hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). Common effects include visual snow and palinopsia. It is possible for LSD to induce either intermittent or chronic visual hallucinations, in spite of no further use. LSD is active in small amounts relative to other psychoactive compounds with doses measured in micrograms. Adverse psychological reactions are possible, such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions.
LSD is pharmacologically considered to be non-addictive with low potential for abuse. LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue. The liquid serves as a carrier for the LSD, allowing for accurate dosage and administration onto small pieces of blotter paper called tabs. This solid LSD is then dissolved in a liquid solvent, such as ethanol or distilled water, to create a solution. LSD is synthesized as a solid compound, typically in the form of a powder or a crystalline material. LSD is both the prototypical psychedelic and one of the "classical" psychedelics, being the psychedelic with the greatest scientific and cultural significance.
It is used mainly as a recreational drug or for spiritual reasons. LSD is also capable of causing mystical experiences and ego dissolution. Effects typically begin within half an hour and can last for up to 20 hours (although on average, experiences last 8–12 hours). Dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and increased body temperature are typical. At sufficiently high dosages LSD manifests primarily mental, visual, and auditory hallucinations. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception.
Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD (from German Lysergsäure-diethylamid), and known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug.
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